Opensuse route gateway10/30/2022 To understand how the netmask works, look atĮxample 13.2, “Linking IP Addresses to the Netmask”. Remote interface, can only be reached over a gateway. If there are differences, the remote IP address, and thus the If the result is identical, both IP addresses are in the same local Same subnet, simply “ AND” both addresses with the netmask. Not in the same subnet, they need the address of a gateway that handlesĪll the traffic for the subnet. If two hostsĪre in the same subnet, they can reach each other directly. Netmasks are used to define the address range of a subnet. Simplifies things for the network hardware. Proof sum is located at the end of the packet, not at the beginning. A sample TCP/IP data packet traveling over an EthernetĬable is illustrated in Figure 13.2, “TCP/IP Ethernet Packet”. Small block of data, called the protocol header, to the front of eachĮmerging packet. Regarding each layer must be saved in the data packet. Transferred, more data packets need to be sent by the operating system.įor the layers to serve their designated functions, additional information The size of a TCP/IP packet is limited to thisĪmount when the data is sent over an Ethernet. The maximum size of a data packet on an Ethernet is aboutįifteen hundred bytes. Packets are normally quite smaller, as the network hardware can be a The maximum size of a TCP/IP packet is approximately 64 KB. Transmit is collected into packets (it cannot be sentĪll at once). The data link and physical layers represent theĪlmost all hardware protocols work on a packet-oriented basis. The special functions of each layer are mostly implicit The uppermost layer, however, isĪlmost a complete abstraction from the hardware. The diagram provides one or two examples for each layer. The IP layer is supported by the underlying hardware-dependentįigure 13.1: Simplified Layer Model for TCP/IP # On top of IP, TCP (transmissionĬontrol protocol) guarantees, to a certain extent, security of the data The actual network layer is the insecure data Internet Group Management Protocol: This protocol controls machineĪs shown in Figure 13.1, “Simplified Layer Model for TCP/IP”, data exchange takes place In addition, it provides a special echo mode that Reports and can control the behavior of machines participating in Internet Control Message Protocol: Essentially, this is not a protocolįor the end user, but a special control protocol that issues error It features a smaller latency period than Not guaranteed and data loss is possible. The order in which the data arrives at the recipient is To transmit is sent in the form of packets generated by theĪpplication. User Datagram Protocol: a connectionless, insecure protocol. TCP is implemented wherever the data sequence matters. TCPĭetermines whether any data has been lost or jumbled during the In the original data stream format it was initially sent. The data arrives at the respective application on the destination host The data to transmit is first sent by the application as a stream ofĭata and converted into the appropriate format by the operating system. Transmission Control Protocol: a connection-oriented secure protocol. Several Protocols in the TCP/IP Protocol Family # TCP The RFCĭocuments describe the setup of Internet protocols. Procedures for the operating system and its applications. RFCsĪre documents that describe various Internet protocols and implementation TCP/IP, comprising a worldwide network, are also called “ the Several Protocols in the TCP/IP Protocol Family, are provided forĮxchanging data between two machines via TCP/IP. It is notĪ single network protocol, but a family of network protocols that offer Linux and other Unix operating systems use the TCP/IP protocol.
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